Acer Aspire V3-431 Driver Download (Official)

Acer Drivers

The Aspire V3-431 is a popular graphics card manufactured by Acer. This driver fixes screen glitches, unwanted artifacts, stuttering or glitchy video and even screen tearing. This version of "VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64_A.zip" has been downloaded 13 times with a user rating of 5 out of 5 stars, based on 5 reviews. The uploader reports that this update will work successfully on PCs running Windows 7. The total disk space used for this update is 197.5 MB.

5 Ratings
13 Downloads

Supported Models

Aspire V3-431

NVIDIA 3D Vision Pro Hub

NVIDIA GeForce 310M

NVIDIA GeForce 610M

NVIDIA GeForce GT 320M

NVIDIA GeForce GT 330M

NVIDIA GeForce GT 415M

NVIDIA GeForce GT 420M

Manufacturers

Acer

NVIDIA

Supported Operating Systems

Windows 7 (64 bit)

File Name

Versions

8.17.12.9555 (27-Mar-2012)

Additional Notes

VGA Driver File

Uploaded By

siddhik (DG Staff Member) on 10-Dec-2016

Driver Contents File List

The following files are found inside the driver download file.

Name Size Date
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/DisplayDriver.nvi 41.8 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/DisplayDriverExt.dll 1.1 MB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/NVAC.INF 155.3 KB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/NVCPLSetupInt.exe 71.6 MB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/OpenCL.dl_ 37.6 KB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/OpenCL64.dl_ 38.5 KB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/dbInstaller.exe 224.1 KB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/license.txt 21.9 KB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvac.cat 1.1 MB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvapi.dl_ 1.2 MB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvapi64.dl_ 1.4 MB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvcompiler.dl_ 11.4 MB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvcompiler32.dl_ 8.2 MB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvcuda.dl_ 4.3 MB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvcuda32.dl_ 3.4 MB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvcuvenc.dl_ 1.2 MB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvcuvenc64.dl_ 1.4 MB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvcuvid.dl_ 1.6 MB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvcuvid32.dl_ 1.5 MB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvd3d9wrap.dl_ 143.4 KB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvd3d9wrapx.dl_ 149.3 KB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvd3dum.dl_ 8.5 MB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvd3dumx.dl_ 9.7 MB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvdecodemft.dl_ 187.4 KB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvdecodemft32.dl_ 175.7 KB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvdet.dl_ 1.4 KB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvdetx.dl_ 1.4 KB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvdispco64.dll 1.7 MB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvdrsdb.bi_ 112.9 KB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvdxgiwrap.dl_ 116.2 KB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvdxgiwrapx.dl_ 120.7 KB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvgenco64.dll 1.5 MB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvinfo.pb 11.8 KB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvinit.dl_ 138.6 KB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvinitx.dl_ 157.4 KB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvkflt.sy_ 101.3 KB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvlddmkm.sy_ 7.8 MB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvoglv32.dl_ 8.6 MB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvoglv64.dl_ 10.3 MB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvpciflt.sy_ 18.6 KB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvumdshim.dl_ 369.0 KB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvumdshimx.dl_ 454.9 KB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvwgf2um.dl_ 4.1 MB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Driver/nvwgf2umx.dl_ 5.0 MB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Optimus/Optimus.nvi 1.8 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Optimus/OptimusExt.dll 1.0 MB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Optimus/acpigold.mof 713 bytes 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Update/ComUpdatus.exe 1.0 MB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Update/DisplayUpdate.nvi 19.3 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Update/EasyDaemonAPIU32.dll 639.3 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Update/EasyDaemonAPIU64.dll 782.7 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Update/UpdateCommon.nvi 11.3 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Update/UpdateExt.dll 1.0 MB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Update/WLMerger.exe 190.3 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Update/daemonu.exe 2.5 MB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Update/nvupdt32.dll 2.8 MB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Update/nvupdt64.dll 3.4 MB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Update/nvupdtr32.dll 981.3 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Display.Update/nvupdtr64.dll 981.8 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/EULA.txt 8.2 KB 1 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/HDAudio/HDAudio.nvi 10.4 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/HDAudio/HDAudioExt.dll 321.3 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/HDAudio/nvapo32v.dll 67.4 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/HDAudio/nvapo64v.dll 72.5 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/HDAudio/nvgenco32.dll 876.9 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/HDAudio/nvgenco64.dll 1.5 MB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/HDAudio/nvhda.cat 37.2 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/HDAudio/nvhda.inf 66.2 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/HDAudio/nvhda32.sys 123.1 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/HDAudio/nvhda32v.sys 147.8 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/HDAudio/nvhda64.sys 156.5 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/HDAudio/nvhda64v.sys 187.7 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/HDAudio/nvhdap32.dll 28.0 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/HDAudio/nvhdap64.dll 31.0 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NV3DVision/3DVision_295.55.exe 21.8 MB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NV3DVision/NV3DVision.nvi 15.2 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NV3DVision/NV3DVisionExt.dll 305.0 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NV3DVisionUSB.Driver/NVIRUSB.nvi 16.1 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NV3DVisionUSB.Driver/NVIRUSBExt.dll 843.1 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NV3DVisionUSB.Driver/nvgenco32.dll 882.0 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NV3DVisionUSB.Driver/nvgenco64.dll 1.5 MB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NV3DVisionUSB.Driver/nvstusb.cat 11.6 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NV3DVisionUSB.Driver/nvstusb.inf 77.4 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NV3DVisionUSB.Driver/nvstusb32.sys 383.2 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NV3DVisionUSB.Driver/nvstusb64.sys 398.1 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0000.ui.forms 44.8 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0000.ui.strings 474 bytes 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0401.ui.forms 2.4 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0401.ui.strings 9.0 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0404.ui.forms 2.5 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0404.ui.strings 7.1 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0405.ui.forms 2.8 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0405.ui.strings 7.7 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0406.ui.forms 2.6 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0406.ui.strings 7.6 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0407.ui.forms 3.7 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0407.ui.strings 8.3 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0408.ui.forms 4.6 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0408.ui.strings 11.2 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0409.ui.forms 2.5 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0409.ui.strings 7.4 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/040a.ui.forms 3.4 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/040a.ui.strings 7.8 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/040b.ui.forms 3.1 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/040b.ui.strings 7.7 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/040c.ui.forms 4.0 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/040c.ui.strings 8.1 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/040d.ui.forms 2.6 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/040d.ui.strings 9.1 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/040e.ui.forms 2.8 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/040e.ui.strings 7.9 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0410.ui.forms 2.7 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0410.ui.strings 8.0 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0411.ui.forms 2.6 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0411.ui.strings 8.9 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0412.ui.forms 2.6 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0412.ui.strings 8.0 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0413.ui.forms 3.7 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0413.ui.strings 7.9 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0414.ui.forms 2.8 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0414.ui.strings 7.6 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0415.ui.forms 4.1 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0415.ui.strings 7.8 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0416.ui.forms 3.6 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0416.ui.strings 7.6 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0419.ui.forms 3.2 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0419.ui.strings 9.9 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/041b.ui.forms 2.8 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/041b.ui.strings 7.8 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/041d.ui.forms 2.4 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/041d.ui.strings 7.5 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/041e.ui.forms 3.6 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/041e.ui.strings 12.8 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/041f.ui.forms 2.9 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/041f.ui.strings 7.6 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0424.ui.forms 3.0 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0424.ui.strings 7.7 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0804.ui.strings 6.9 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0809.ui.strings 7.3 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/080a.ui.strings 7.8 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0816.ui.forms 3.6 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/0816.ui.strings 7.9 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/NVI2.dll 3.2 MB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/NVI2UI.dll 1.3 MB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/NVPrxy32.dll 775.5 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/NVPrxy64.dll 1.2 MB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVI2/theme.cfg 8.8 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVWMI/NVWMIExt.dll 850.8 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVWMI/NVWmi.nvi 8.9 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVWMI/nvWmi.mof 40.5 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVWMI/nvWmi64.exe 825.2 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/NVWMI/nvWmiShim.dll 580.4 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/Setup.cfg 7.8 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/license.txt 21.9 KB 2 Feb 2012
VGA_NVIDIA_8.17.12.9555_W7x64/setup.exe 363.8 KB 2 Feb 2012

How to Update Aspire V3-431 Device Drivers Quickly & Easily

Step 1 - Download Your Driver

To get the Aspire V3-431 driver, click the green download button above. After you complete your download, move on to Step 2.

If the driver listed is not the right version or operating system, search our driver archive for the correct version. Enter Acer Aspire V3-431 into the search box above and then submit. In the results, choose the best match for your PC and operating system.

Tech Tip: If you are having trouble deciding which is the right driver, try the Acer Driver Update Utility. It is a software utility which automatically finds and downloads the right driver.

To find the newest driver, you may need to visit the Acer website. Most major device manufacturers update their drivers regularly.

Step 2 - Install Your Driver

Once you have downloaded your new driver, you'll need to install it. In Windows, use a built-in utility called Device Manager, which allows you to see all of the devices recognized by your system, and the drivers associated with them.

How to Open Device Manager

  • In Windows 11, Windows 10 & Windows 8.1, right-click the Start menu and select Device Manager

  • In Windows 8, swipe up from the bottom, or right-click anywhere on the desktop and choose "All Apps" -> swipe or scroll right and choose "Control Panel" (under Windows System section) -> Hardware and Sound -> Device Manager

  • In Windows 7, click Start -> Control Panel -> Hardware and Sound -> Device Manager

  • In Windows Vista, click Start -> Control Panel -> System and Maintenance -> Device Manager

  • In Windows XP, click Start -> Control Panel -> Performance and Maintenance -> System -> Hardware tab -> Device Manager button

How to Install a driver from Device Manager

  1. Locate the device and model that is having the issue and double-click on it to open the Properties dialog box.

  2. Select the Driver tab.

  3. Click the Update Driver button and follow the instructions.

In most cases, you will need to reboot your computer in order for the driver update to take effect.

Tech Tip: Driver downloads and updates come in a variety of file formats with different file extensions. For example, you may have downloaded an EXE, INF, ZIP, or SYS file. Each file type has a slighty different installation procedure to follow.

For more help, visit our Driver Support Page for step-by-step videos on how to install drivers for every file type.

This website is not affiliated with Acer. All company names/logos are properties of their owners.
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